In the New Testament, the term doulos (Greek: δοῦλος) means “slave” or “servant,” and it is a term that profoundly shapes the identity and mission of those who follow Christ. In light of this, the use of the term “apostle” has often been reconsidered, especially when referring to individuals today. The understanding of doulos provides a lens through which we can explore why many Christians are cautious about using the title “apostle” in the modern context.
The Meaning of Doulos in Scripture
The term doulos is used extensively in the New Testament to describe the relationship between believers and Christ. It emphasizes total devotion, humility, and the surrender of one’s own will to the will of God. Paul, a key apostolic figure, frequently referred to himself as a doulos of Christ: “Paul, a servant [doulos] of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle, set apart for the gospel of God.” (Romans 1:1, ESV) Here, Paul’s self-identification as a doulos reflects his understanding that his primary identity is not in his apostolic office, but in his role as a servant of Christ. This prioritization of servanthood over title is a significant theme in Paul’s writings, and it underscores the humility that should characterize all Christian ministry.
Servant-hood Over Titles
The concept of doulos contrasts sharply with the modern emphasis on titles and positions of authority. Jesus Himself taught that greatness in His kingdom is measured not by titles, but by servant-hood: “But whoever would be great among you must be your servant [diakonos], and whoever would be first among you must be your slave [doulos], even as the Son of Man came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many.” (Matthew 20:26-28, ESV) In this passage, Jesus redefines greatness in terms of servitude. His example of self-sacrifice is the ultimate model for His followers. The emphasis on being a servant, rather than seeking recognition through titles, is foundational to Christian leadership.
Apostleship as a Unique and Foundational Role
The original apostles held a unique and foundational role in the establishment of the Church. They were eyewitnesses of Christ’s resurrection and were directly commissioned by Him. As discussed earlier, their role in laying the doctrinal and structural foundations of the Church cannot be replicated. The New Testament does not suggest that this foundational role continues in the same way today. Paul again emphasizes this uniqueness when discussing the Church’s foundation: “So then you are no longer strangers and aliens, but you are fellow citizens with the saints and members of the household of God, built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Christ Jesus himself being the cornerstone.” (Ephesians 2:19-20, ESV) This passage highlights the once-for-all nature of the apostles’ foundational work. The Church today continues to build on this foundation, but the original role of the apostles is seen as completed, much like the work of the prophets in laying the foundation of God’s revelation.
The Caution Against Using the Title “Apostle” Today
Given the unique role of the original apostles and the New Testament’s emphasis on servanthood, many Christians exercise caution in using the title “apostle” today. The term carries a weight of authority and responsibility that is closely tied to the foundational work of the early Church. To claim this title today can, intentionally or unintentionally, suggest a level of authority or revelation that goes beyond what Scripture assigns to contemporary leaders. Instead, the New Testament encourages a focus on servant-hood and humility: “Do nothing from selfish ambition or conceit, but in humility count others more significant than yourselves. Let each of you look not only to his own interests, but also to the interests of others.” (Philippians 2:3-4, ESV) This passage encourages believers to adopt a mindset of humility, focusing on serving others rather than seeking titles or recognition. The term doulos encapsulates this attitude, reminding us that our highest calling is to be servants of Christ and one another.
Conclusion: Embracing the Doulos Identity
In conclusion, the understanding of doulos underscores why many Christians refrain from using the title “apostle” in the contemporary Church. The emphasis in the New Testament is on servant-hood, humility, and building upon the foundation laid by the original apostles. By embracing our identity as douloi of Christ, we follow in the footsteps of those first apostles, who, despite their significant roles, saw themselves primarily as servants of their Lord. This focus on servant-hood over titles ensures that the Church remains faithful to the teachings and example of Jesus Christ, who came not to be served, but to serve.
